The Theories Of Personality, By Abraham Maslow, Gordon...

When it comes to understanding the theories of personality, there are several psychologists that put their input in to help us understand the theories of personality. The individuals that have contributed to the theories of personality and have made us understand the topic more would be Abraham Maslow, Gordon Allport, Albert Bandura, and Raymond Cattell. Abraham Maslow was born in Brooklyn, New York April 1, 1908. As a young child, Abraham was the oldest child out of seven brothers and sister. â€Å"His parents were first generation Jewish immigrants from Russia who fled from Czarist persecution in the early 20th century (Cherry).† After fleeing from Czarists, Abraham’s parents decided to live in New York and in a multiethnic working class neighborhood. When Abraham was old enough to attend school, it was a tough time for him because he would experience anti-Semitism from his teachers and other students that were around. He never got alone with his mother and he told hi s mother What I had reacted to was not only her physical appearance, but also her values and world view, her stinginess, her total selfishness, her lack of love for anyone else in the world (Cherry).† As the years pasted, Abraham graduated from high school and began attending the City College of New York in the year 1926. When Abraham began college in 1926, he didn’t start out studying Psychology; he started studying law. Soon after, Abraham transferred from the City College of New York to the University ofShow MoreRelatedPSYC 2301 3 Essay4271 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿ A collective term for the economic, occupational, and educational factors that influence an individuals relative position in society defines _____ Select one: a. historical racism. b. the secondary appraisal. c. the biopsychosocial theory. d. socioeconomic status. Question  2 Not yet answered Marked out of 2.00 Flag question Question text A  _____ is any stimulus or event capable of producing physical or emotional stress. Select one: a. catastrophe b. coping mechanism c. uplift d. stressor Question  3Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication

Life After Honors College Essay Samples

Life After Honors College Essay Samples Whatever you decide to upload, make certain that it is high quality and well put-together. It's the details that actually make this little experience come alive. The procedure for ordering our services has been made seamless and easy to guarantee a speedy placement and decrease wastage of time. Providing these seamless connections, nevertheless, is not a simple task. Below are a few of the examples in the sort of prompts a student will probably encounter in a college essay request. It's important the student can develop a thesis statement that's fitting with their objectives. All applicants must write two essays as part of their application procedure. More frequently than not, deadlines for submitting applications are almost always short which makes many possible applicants worry they will not have the capability to submit their sample essay for MBA application punctually. The essay is a significant portion of your HC application and ought to represent your polished writing. Your essay should concentrate on why you need to attend Boston Universitynot why you need to attend college generally. If you are in need of a well-crafted essay, then you can depend on us to deliver. My essay writing took a practice of a couple of months. A college application essay is a substantial means of letting the panel learn more concerning the student. A thesis statement functions as a guide, on which the remainder of the paper is hinged on. They've also been handling different application essay topics over the last few years and therefore have the adequate experience needed to compose impressive papers. The application procedure includes essays. You'll observe a similar structure in a number of the essays. Make certain the concluding part of your essay isn't dry. It is the chance to stand out. So I should compose an application essay. For a beginning, the typical application essay topics need you to use language that's absolutely free from language flaws and grammatical mistakes. It will establish the structure or content because there are various kinds of essays it is possible to write. The essays are a valuable part of your applicationthey provide you with an opportunity to demonstrate the admissions committee a different side of your personality than that which they see in the remainder of your application. In this instance, attempt to hit the minimal words required and make sure that the essay you will write is packed with relevant info and beneficial specifics. One of the most difficult features of college life is finances. When you speak about why you made a decision to enter the health professions, be certa in to highlight any particular experiences that influenced your choice. In the event you have any pressing questions, you don't have to shy away. Therefore, they are ready to provide their answer from their standpoint, giving the panel an opportunity to actually connect with the student and their values. Discussing what you aspire to gain from the profession is a chance to hammer home why Boston University is such a significant part your education. There are a lot of different Boston University essay prompts, based on what program you're applying to and whether you choose to put in an application for a scholarship. In addition to its growing cultural and ethnic diversity, State University is turning into a master at developing a niche for each and every student. Thus, it is not just the perfect place for me, it is the only place for me. Students do their very best to get ready for the true world and earn skills they can use in their job. They are encouraged to research our programs in order to find their best fit. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. Upcoming college students might also be requested to compose a college essay for a component of their first requirements.

Psychology In Service Of National Security -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Psychology In Service Of National Security? Answer: Introduction: Social media today is used by unethical and illegal users to insult, bully and threaten others without the fear of being punished. Dekker, Rianne, and Godfried state that social media is even used to distort important national and international data by illegal organisations to spread panic and fear among the common people. The social media platforms today consist of video sharing and streaming websites like Youtube, communication based websites like Facebook and picture sharing websites like Instagram. The numbers of users of these social networking websites are so vast that is practically impossible to monitor their activities. The users often use social media to bully and threaten innocent people using fake names and often go unpunished which encourages them to continue their illegal ventures. The essay would point out how social networking is used by these illegal users to insult, bully and threaten others. It would also include facts like cyber laws and how users prevent these un lawful attempts to arouse fear among them. Discussion: Insult and passing derogatory comments on the digital platform is one of the most illegal and unethical applications of the social media websites. Unethical groups use social media to pass insulting comments against certain communities and races. For example, there are people who pass comments on others on the grounds of races, colours, creeds, religions, sexual preferences or other any other personal attributes. Such comments make the group of people being victimized threatened and endangered (huffingtonpost.in). The impact of these racist and insulting comments on the social media is often disastrous. Today, most of the countries like the United Kingdom share their human resources with other countries by virtue of international ties between them. These means the population of these countries have large proportions of residents from other countries. For example, the latest census of Britain shows that almost half its present population is from Asia and Africa. These people have thei r own religions, cultures, traditions and even physical features like skin colours which are distinct from the resident British population (ons.gov.uk). Thus, passing insulting comments on social media result in fear, insecurity, agony and resentment among these people. These negative feelings sometimes result in uprising and public show of anger against the racist comments (news24.com). These clashes between the insulted community and the government of the resident country (the UK in this case) may lead to breach of diplomatic ties between the country of origin of the insulted community and the resident country (Boehme). According to Martin, these uprising in countries and resultant international tensions endanger the security of countries involved. The banned groups often use the strategy of cyber insult to create diplomatic disturbances between countries to give ultimatum to their inhuman intentions. These groups usually present these insults as personal opinion which they share with their friends and acquaintances on the social platforms. The serious impacts of hate comments passed on the social media has led to the governments of countries like the United States pass laws to detect and check this misuse of the digital platform. For example, the Federal Trade Commission which draws its power from Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act seeks to warn consumers against unethical groups (ftc.gov). Cyber bullying or using the social media platforms to bully innocent people refers to passing incorrect information about others usually to cause harm to them. The unlawful organizations use the social media to bully unsuspecting people to gain undeserved benefits like gaining confidential financial information. The bully can take form of sexual harassments, rumors about victims personal lives and threats (Kowalski et al.). These acts arouse negative reactions among the victims like making them feel afraid, insecure, depressed and even lead them to commit suicides. Compared to cyber insult, cyber bullying has more damaging impacts on the victims. The mentally weak people often enter depression phase due to cyber bulling. Doty et al. point out that cyber bullying is prevalent in the workplaces where a certain section of employees are targeted on the grounds of their attributes like sexuality. The employees holding high positions and even peers often use social media platforms like Fac ebook to harass female employees. This often results in the targeted female employees resigning from the organizations which lead to loss of efficient employees, thus affecting the productivity of these organizations. This has led the apex management of organizations to make policies to check all forms of cyber bullying among the employees (Yahner et al). Cyber bullying today has reached a new height and has financial as well legal implications. Unauthorized groups usually camouflage as authentic financial institutions and communicate with customers in forms of emails, calls and messages. They ask predetermined questions to extract financial information from these customers like debit card details. They use these details to obtain money from the accounts of these customers and channelize the money to finance unlawful activities like terrorism. These illegal organizations again use the accounts of customers to channelize their earnings back into the global economy, which is known as money laundering (stopbullying.gov). This strong relationship between cyber bullying, terrorist financing and money laundering has led countries around the world monitor the flow of money in the accounts of the bank customers stringently. For example, the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act or FATCA by the United States requires all non-American financial in stitutions maintain record of their customers and to report their identities to the US Department of Treasury (irs.gov). This clearly shows that such stringent acts by financial institutions to prevent cyber bullying of financial nature limits the liquidity of the accounts of customers. Thus, the impact of cyber bullying is restricted to individual victims. It has devastating impacts on the financial conditions of the people and even on the flows of money within the economies. Cyber threats are the acts of gaining access to data stored on computers without gaining authorization from the owners of the data. The hackers often use virus and malwares to intrude into databases of companies to gain confidential financial information to finance their unlawful activities. These hackers steal information about customers and use cyber bullying to gain access to the bank accounts of these customers to finance their unlawful like terrorism (Bashir and Aqeel). However, cyber crime using social media websites is not restricted to hacking information from company to finance inhuman activities. Unlawful groups today threat top officers of the global multinational companies and government officials to extort money from them. The militant groups today upload videos of them threatening governments and countries on Youtube and Facebook. They use social media platform to flaunt their power to endanger global peace and harmony. The governments of developed and emerging countrie s in particular are subjected to these forms of threats (abcnews.go.com). These threats usually create panic among the people within countries as they often lead to waning of the trust of the people in the might of their countries to protect them. The three categories of cyber crimes using the social media platform are increasing alarmingly mainly due to lack of infrastructure to punish the people involved in these activities. The first factor which prevents the countries checking cyber crime is the lack of proper ways to deal with them. The groups which indulge in cyber crimes are financially and technically very strong. They use technology to protect their actions from being detected by government agencies like defense forces and police. Moreover, laws of most of the countries require the convicts or their representatives to be present to commence a legal case against them. For example, the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure in the United States requires physical presence of the accused persons to protect their rights to justice (uscourts.gov). The main players of cyber crime usually route cyber crime activities from outside their target countries. Thus, the Supreme Courts of the affected countries are not able to convict t hese criminals which rid them of the fear of punishments. There are diverse ways in which countries deal with cyber crimes and try convicts of the crime if caught. The criminals often use these loopholes in the judiciary systems of different countries to escape from being convicted (Harichandran, Vikram., et al.). Thus, complexities in judiciary systems of countries are responsible for the cyber criminals carrying out cyber crime with increasing intensity. The groups involved in cyber crimes on the social media are usually linked to financially powerful terrorist groups. They bribe the top officials of governments of different countries to escape punishments. Thus, the corrupted government machineries of different countries are also responsible for increasing power of cyber criminals on social media (Zuech, Taghi and Randall). Conclusion: One can conclude from the discussion that social media today has emerged as a powerful platform to give shape to cyber insults, cyber bully and cyber threats without the fear of punishment. The three forms of cyber crimes using the social media are interrelated and have devastating impacts on the victims. Cyber insults hamper the societal and bilateral relationships. The cyber bullying impacts individuals both at financial and emotional level. The cyber threats impact companies, governments and their stakeholders like the public. The loopholes in the legal systems around the world, corruption and lack of technological infrastructure to prevent cyber crime in entirety prevent conviction of the cyber criminals. The countries urgently require adopting a common legal system which would allow trial of cyber criminals. The countries should minimize the corruption levels to crackdown on cyber crimes and cyber criminals. This would compel these groups to curtail their unlawful activities. References: "2011 Census Analysis: Ethnicity And Religion Of The Non-UK Born Population In England And Wales - Office For National Statistics."Ons.Gov.Uk, 2018, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/2011censusanalysisethnicityandreligionofthenonukbornpopulationinenglandandwales/2015-06-18. "Criminal Cases."United States Courts, 2018, https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/types-cases/criminal-cases. "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act FATCA | Internal Revenue Service."Irs.Gov, 2018, https://www.irs.gov/businesses/corporations/foreign-account-tax-compliance-act-fatca. "Privacy Data Security Update (2016)."Federal Trade Commission, 2018, https://www.ftc.gov/reports/privacy-data-security-update-2016. "These White People Will Respond To Your Racist Trolls So You DonT Have To."Huffington Post India, 2018, https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/white-nonsense-roundup-racism-white-privilege_us_59c1811ae4b0186c22069390. "What Is Cyberbullying."Stopbullying.Gov, 2018, https://www.stopbullying.gov/cyberbullying/what-is-it/index.html. "Why We Will Keep Exposing Social Media Racists."News24, 2018, https://www.news24.com/Columnists/Ahmed_Areff/why-we-will-keep-exposing-social-media-racists-20170120. Arora, Bhavna. "Exploring and analyzing Internet crimes and their behaviours."Perspectives in Science8 (2016): 540-542. Bashir, Bisma, and Aqeel Khalique. "A Review on Security versus ethics."International Journal of Computer Applications151.11 (2016). Boehme, Franziska. "We Chose Africa: South Africa and the Regional Politics of Cooperation with the International Criminal Court."International Journal of Transitional Justice11.1 (2017): 50-70. Dekker, Rianne, and Godfried Engbersen. "How social media transform migrant networks and facilitate migration."Global Networks14.4 (2014): 401-418. Doty, Jennifer L., et al. "Patterns of bullying and sexual harassment: connections with parents and teachers as direct protective factors."Journal of youth and adolescence(2017): 1-16. Harichandran, Vikram S., et al. "A cyber forensics needs analysis survey: Revisiting the domain's needs a decade later."Computers Security57 (2016): 1-13. Keinis, Virginijs. "The Theoretical and Practical Challenges of European Security Community in the Context of Globalisation."European Integration Studies11 (2017): 65-74. Kowalski, Robin M., et al. "Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth." (2014): 1073. Martin, Jarred. "Towards a national security psychology in the South African National Defence Force Psychology in the Service of National Security, A. David Mangelsdorf (Ed.): book review."SA Journal of Industrial Psychology40.2 (2014): 1-3. Ross, Brian, and James Meek. "ISIS Threat: US Military Warned About Social Media Use."ABC News, 2018, https://abcnews.go.com/International/isis-threat-home-fbi-warns-us-military-social/story?id=27270662. Yahner, Jennifer, et al. "The co-occurrence of physical and cyber dating violence and bullying among teens."Journal of interpersonal violence30.7 (2015): 1079-1089. Zuech, Richard, Taghi M. Khoshgoftaar, and Randall Wald. "Intrusion detection and big heterogeneous data: a survey."Journal of Big Data2.1 (2015): 3.

The Use of Atomic Bomb in Japan

Introduction The reason why the United States was compelled to employ the use of a more lethal weapon in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan has been at the heart of many scholarly writings. The question is, why did the United States decide to engage a deadly attack and yet there was a league of nations charged with conflict resolution?Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Atomic Bomb in Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The idealists came up with an international organization in the name of the League of Nations to address problems of war. The use of atomic bomb therefore was shaped by international variables such as scientific research and discoveries. Causes to any phenomena are multi-dimensional meaning that they should be studied in a multi-disciplinary way such as geographically, psychologically, politically and economically. It therefore follows that causes to the use of atomic bomb in Japan should be divided into particular and profound causes. Particular causes are those that are immediate while profound causes are underlying issues. Historians are interested with immediate causes of war while political scientists try to explore long-term causes but both will be dealt with in this study.1 Taylor examined that war is like a road accident because it has the immediate causes such as over speeding as well as long-term causes such as the nature roads. Scholars have been interested in both immediate and underlying causes for application of atomic bomb in Hiroshima. The application of the strategy did not have a single cause because WWII had roots in the society and the then international system. Quency wright in his works about study of war vol.1 (1942) observed that war has multi-causal factors, arguing that war in reality results from a total situation involving ultimately almost everything that has happened to the human race up to the time war is realized. Kennedy Wolfs in his works ‘Man, the State and war’ gives three images of war based on assumption that war results from human nature, internal nature of the state and anarchic nature of the international system.2Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More War is as old as human existence and characterizes the nature of human beings. A clear relationship exists between human nature and conflict. ST Augustine claimed that war is part of society and human life because of sin, man exhibits love for hurtful things and vain which constitutes the source of human conflict. Benedict de Spinoza observes in a short article called political treatise that war occurs because man is led by passion not reason hence there is a conflict between passion and reason. Rein Niebuhr in his works ‘Beyond Tragedy’ argued that war comes from the dark unconsciousness sources of the human psyche. Confucius on his part po stulated that there is deceit and cunningness among human beings leading to war thus war is an innate factor in human beings. John Stoessinger claimed that people are victims of their own perceptional limitations because they are limited in their comprehension of natural phenomena and hence are bound to make wrong judgments.3 This paper examines the particular and profound causes that made the United States to utilize the atomic bomb in Japan. The leaders’ idiosyncrasies and the nature of societal variables such as natural resources and geographical territories are explored in detail. Particular Causes End of World War Two The United States applied atomic bombs on Japan in order to force the Japanese officials to cease-fire. It invaded Japan because of the desire to subdue it and cut short the war. Japan made its own land a battlefield without taking into consideration the social welfare of its citizens. The U.S. had to put to an end to what Japan was planning because if it w ent ahead with its plans, more than one million Americans and Britons would have lost their lives. Dropping of atomic bomb in Hiroshima is said to have solved many humanitarian problems because many people could have died could Japan have attacked the U.S. There has been a heated debate over the American verdict of using a weapons of mass destruction on Hiroshima. President Truman never considered it a big issue.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Atomic Bomb in Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Losses in an attack of Japan would have been great. Following the dropping of the atomic bombs, American public opinion in Fortune magazine in late 1945 and a 1944 opinion poll was supportive of Truman’s decision. The Japanese who were referred to as â€Å"japs†, were depicted with unsophisticated racial stereotypes, and were seen as devious and definitely not to be trusted.4 Compel Japan to Bo w Down The bomb was meant to soften Japanese stance and make it to abandon war plans. Indeed the bomb-facilitated negotiations among Japanese officials since they noticed that war had more implications on them than any other person. Earlier attempts to put to an end the war by use of nuclear weapons had failed to bear fruits as Japanese military were not willing to back off the fight. This forced the U.S. to use atomic bombs since it perceived that many lives would be lost if Japan continued with the war. It is believed that, President Harry Truman used atomic bombs on Japan as a way of intimidating Stalin so that he could keep him out of the war. However, the general officers did not approve this move and they denounced their commander-in-chief.5 Takaki, Ronald, in his book â€Å"Hurishima: Why American Dropped the Atomic Bomb† noted that by 1944, the war had noticeably turned against the Japanese. In late October, General MacArthur went back to the Philippine island of Laye tte. The Japanese started to use kamikaze pilots in an anxious attempt to obliterate Allied ships. Quite a few more bloody battles waited ahead for American forces. Americas recorded more than twenty five thousand fatalities at the mà ªlà ©e of Iwo Jima and another fifty thousand at the encounter of Okinawa. After these battles, though, nothing was left to stop an Allied invasion of Japan.6 These extremely bloody battles deeply disturbed military officials who were planning for an attack of Japan. Japanese resistance to such an attack would have been fervent. President Truman was informed about the new scientific development in 1944 after the death of Roosevelt in 1945.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Manhattan project was erected in 1942 specifically to develop an atomic bomb. The bomb was manufactured in Los Alamos, New Mexico with J. Robert Oppenheimer as the director. The effectiveness and efficiency of the weapon was first experienced in Mexico desert in 1945. The bomb did not contribute much to the end of Japanese aggression since it only increased the speed of surrender because the officials had already begun engaging in surrender talks. Long before the dropping of the bombs, Japanese leaders were determined to surrender and were taking steps toward ending the war. The U.S. leaders knew from marine aptitude interception of Japan’s to-secret codes. The United States secretary of war Stimson was much concerned with deliberations on the use of the bomb due its effects. In 1947, at the urging of government officials worried about the growing number of people puzzled by the use of the bomb, Stimson wrote an article titled â€Å"The decision to use the atomic bomb† .7 He argued that the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima was made only after vigilant deliberation by Truman and his advisers of all the courses of action open to them to end the war at the lowest possible cost Economic reasons However, the question arose as to whether there was anything like a decision to use the bombs, or whether Truman and his advisers were carried along by events. John Lewis Gaddis in his book â€Å"The United States and the origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947,† Truman prearranged the dropping of the atomic bombs to give good reason for the cost resources used to build them.8 The bombs cost more than two billion dollars, and required the work of scores of top scientists, thousands of workers and several industrial firms. After all this time and spending, Truman had to use the atomic bombs at one time and the war proved to be the best time to use them. Upon hearing of the victorious explosion over Hiroshima, Truman appeared relived and noted that , â€Å"We have spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history and won.†9 The dropping of the second bomb gave the impression of having its own momentum. Truman’s July 24 strike order authorized the use of the bomb as they were all set, and the technicians on Tinian Island worked agitatedly to drop the second bomb in response to the order. Prevalent detestation of and vengeance against the Japanese for the bombing of Pearl Harbor may have produced the impetus for dropping the atomic bombs. To many Americans, including Truman, it warranted almost any act against it in vengeance. Expressing his feeling of revenge, Truman said in a private letter written soon after the bombing of Nagasaki, that nobody was more bothered by the use of the atomic bombs than he was, but he was deeply troubled over the uncalled-for attack by the Japanese on Pearl Harbor. Protect U.S dominance Alperrovitz, Gar, in his book â€Å"Atomic Diplomacy: Hurishima and Potsdam: The use of the Atomic Bomb and the American confrontation with Soviet Power† argued that the United States dropped the atomic bombs not to overcome Japan but vigorously to protect U.S. dominance in the already brewing Soviet-American disagreement, which has, of course, prearranged the postwar worldwide order.10 Their analyses of planning for the postwar world, from 1942 forward, underline official description of the Soviet Union as the primary menace to U.S. primacy in world affairs. Nonetheless, while the U.S. military had shattered Japan,’s capacity to fight violent war beyond her borders, distressed major cities, and blocked access to critical materials; it had neither secured Japan’s give up nor broken the will to battle of the Japanese military11. There seems to be no motive to choose between analyses that view the bomb as a weapon to force Japan’s surrender and those that emphasize its value as a weapon to threaten the Soviet Union and establish U.S. hegemony, and both were sufficiently served by dropping the atomic bomb.12 The bombings precipitated the end to Second World War because leaders were shocked even though they were still reluctant to surrender. The deaths did not go down well with the emperor who took an extra step of urging political leaders to cease-fire and agree to talk with the rest of the world. The emperor was respected because he was both a temporal and spiritual leader. He could be reached in the times of crisis to provide advices and directions. Prestige and Security Japan was reported to be preparing weapons of mass destruction such as chemical bombs. The weapons were on the wrong hands according to the United States government. Japan was an aggressive state that would use the weapons in unjustifiable ways such as revenging against innocent people. The United States president, Truman, felt that Americans were going to be affected most and hence there was a reason to intervene before things got worse. Amer icans had been casualties of Japanese recklessness and President Truman knew that anything was possible with Japan because they were determined to go on with war. The only way that would guarantee mass happiness in the United States and other allied states was to attack the destroyer before it could strike. Many Americans had lost their lives and properties and the government was unhappy with that, it was its mandate to ensure that no more destruction could be carried out to its people.13 Natural Resources The American government saw Japan as a threat to its quest for attaining natural resources in the region. The United States wanted to access the region but Japan was a threat because of conflicting interests. The World War II provided an opportunity that saw the United States weaken the competitor. This was seen as territorial aggrandizement because the United States was unhappy with the way Japan controlled the territory full of natural resources. The only way to scare the enemy was to apply weapons of mass destruction to its citizens.14 The United States was not after making peace because the administrators of Japan were in Tokyo but the bombs were dropped kilometers away. Japan was forced to surrender and promised never to engage in military aggression. The United States was trying to reduce its opponents in its pursuit to global domination. The Japanese could have worsened things could they have been left to go on with their weapon formation. Self Determination and Nationalism The United States is always known to be a self-glorious nation. The war provided a good opportunity for them to demonstrate to the whole world what they had achieved in the world of science. Talking about it alone could not be enough since other states such as Russia and China could not believe. The war provided a good chance for them to apply practically whatever they had. Other states could believe in their allegations and live according to their wishes lest they experience the s ame. The bomb could be applied to any aggressor but Japan was chosen because it was a major competitor. President Truman therefore opted for the bomb to achieve glory for Americans hence fostering nationalism. Americans today view themselves as the most united people mainly because of common history created by leaders such as Truman. America had other means of stopping the war but they never thought about them since they saw application of the bomb to be serving a number of reasons. Application of the bomb therefore was meant to serve self-interests and wishes not the will of the majority; it only served the appetites of Americans not the whole world as it was thought.15 Profound Causes At this point, long term issues are discussed such as the behavior of leaders both in the American government and Japanese government, the political climates in both states, societal variables such as ethnic composition, institutional structure of governments that is the roles played by various leade rs and finally the international system. We analyze how the variables contributed in the application of the atomic bomb to Hiroshima, Japan. The causes associated with these variables are observed over a particular time since they are not immediate. Ideological Reasons Some critics of the application of the bomb argue that United States was sending a message to communist states urging them to beware of what capitalists can do. The arguments are accurate to some extent because during preparation of the bomb, no communist state was involved instead it was only Canada and United Kingdom all of which are capitalists. The United States could not have applied the bomb to an aggressive capitalist state. Japanese orientation to the economy was incompatible to that of capitalism since the government owned property. This did not go down well with Americans who wanted to build an Americana empire. It was estimated that Japan’s military power could be used to advance communist ideas henc e the need to destroy it. Idiosyncratic Causes The focus is on behavior of individuals but not all individuals, only those concerned with foreign policy formulation. They are individuals whose behaviors have implications in international relations. We examine how age, physical health, childhood experience, educational level and belief system of leaders influenced the use of atomic bomb in Hiroshima, Japan. The United States’ foreign affairs decision makers were associated with: recklessness, adventurism, innovativeness, impatience aggressiveness, experimentalism, revolutionary and were risk takers. The leaders wanted to introduce something new to the world without caring whether it could have more harm than good.16 The United States foreign affairs at the time had hawkish and highly opinionated ideas, which reflected in the country’s foreign relations. The leaders on the Japanese side had strong belief system that never allowed them to relent easily. The leaders had tr oubled childhood experiences, which affected their decision-making processes. Japanese leaders at the time had little formal education, they had little knowledge about the nature of the international system hence their level of worldview was limited to Japanese environment. Physical health played a role in the American-Japanese crisis because President Truman is said to have suffered from a Cardio-Vascular disease, which affected his level of concentration. At times, the president became intolerant to advice driving him to take extreme decisions. These variables combined with the official positions occupied by leaders to cause profound effects to decisions made. The powers of the president in most cases are not easily challenged. When President Truman ordered the use of atomic bomb, no one dared to challenge him because the office he occupied was unchallengeable. The powers and resources of the presidency office largely influenced the use of atomic bomb in Japan. The president had t o use the prerogative powers provided by the constitution because it was believed that the lives of Americans were in danger.17 Governmental Politics The factors looked into in this cause are types of governments and governmental structure. The leaders were more interested in self-interests rather than the wishes of majority. They prepared for war with other states without seeking people’s mandates. Leaders who adhere to the provisions of the constitution do not practice things contract to the wishes of the majority. It is never the wish of people to engage in war because they fear for their lives and those of their families. In weak democracies, people are not consulted before major decisions are taken. The United States wanted to contain the influence of Japanese leaders who wanted to take their citizens into unnecessary war. International System Factors that led to application of atomic bombs at this level are called systemic variables. They include polarity and the status of international law. Polarity is distribution of power in the international system whereby it combines military strength, economic power, cultural influence, natural resource endowment and political/diplomatic power. The super power influences events in the world hence the use of atomic power was one way of demonstrating power globally. Conclusion The bringing into play of an atomic bomb had many causes, which ranged from socio-economic to political causes. The government of the United States could not sit back and watch Japan rise to becoming one of the world’s super powers. This forced it to come up with ways that could silence Japan. The best way was to use deadly weapons of mass destruction. This is what has been discusses as profound causes. For the United States to be relevant to its people and the rest of the world, it had to end innocent killings and loss of property. It had to cut short the Second World War by forcing Japan to surrender. Japan could not have surren dered were it not for the atomic bomb hence the United States is justified to have engage in the war for both personal interests and global interests. The United States achieved its goals because Japan agreed to negotiate and at the same time, it agreed not to be aggressive in future. Bibliography Alperrovitz, Gar. Atomic Diplomacy: Hurishima and Potsdam: The use of the Atomic Bomb and the American confrontation with Soviet Power. New York: Penguin, 1985. Gaddis, Lewis. The United States and the origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972 Glantz, David. The Soviet Invasion of Japan: Quarterly Journal of Military History, vol. 7, no. 3, Spring 1995 Malcolm, McConnell. The Last Mission: The Secret Story of World War II’s Final Battle. New York: Broadway Books, 2002. Skates, Ray. The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1994. Stimson, Henry. â€Å"The decision to use the Atomic Bomb†. Harper’, February 1947. Takaki, Ronald. Hurishima: Why American Dropped the Atomic Bomb. Boston: Little, Brown, 1995. Wainstock, Dennis. The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. Footnotes 1 David, Glantz. The Soviet Invasion of Japan: Quarterly Journal of Military History, vol. 7, no. 3, Spring 1995 2 Ray, Skates. The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1994 3 McConnell, Malcolm. The Last Mission: The Secret Story of World War II’s Final Battle. New York: Broadway Books, 2002. 4 McConnell, Malcolm. The Last Mission: The Secret Story of World War II’s Final Battle. New York: Broadway Books, 2002. 5 Ray, Skates. The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1994. 6 Ronald, Takaki. Hurishima: Why American Dropped the Atomic Bomb. Boston: Little, Brown, 1995, p. 10 7 Henry, Stimson. â€Å"The decision to use the Atomic Bomb †. Harper’, February 1947, 2. 8 Lewis, Gaddis. The United States and the origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972. 9 Lewis, Gaddis. The United States and the origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), 40 10 Gar, Alperrovitz. Atomic Diplomacy: Hurishima and Potsdam: The use of the Atomic Bomb and the American confrontation with Soviet Power. New York: Penguin, 1985. 11 Ibid. p. 385 12 David, Glantz. The Soviet Invasion of Japan: Quarterly Journal of Military History, vol. 7, no. 3, Spring 1995 13 Dennis, Wainstock. The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. 14 Ray, Skates. The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1994. 15 Ray, Skates. The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1994. 16 Dennis, Wainstock. The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb: Greenwood Publish ing Group, 1996. 17 McConnell, Malcolm. The Last Mission: The Secret Story of World War II’s Final Battle. 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